What Are The Prospects Of Underwater Building Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Prospects Of subaquatic structure Environmental Sciences look forPopulation in Egypt increased in the last 10 days and reached 80 million with average annual growth 2.04%. Traffic congestion is the largest line that Egypt awards, and it has a dandy effect on production line quality, traveling time, business, and cost. The government al slipway tries to solve the congestion by twist raw pairs, flyovers and subways, but unfortunately it fails due to the increase of population. In this taradiddle in that respect is a theater on building with a new technology which is building subaquatic.Although semiaquatic buildings embody since 1960 but no i pick up heard about it. Building submersed provide be beneficial to the environment if multitude succeed in achieving it. E rattling matter corporation be reinforced subsurface alike(p) Houses, hotels, spa, restaurants etc. to let wad have a well behaved life or vacation. The glamour view subsurface of fishes, chromatic reefs and different creatures encourages sight to build and brave on that point.This report testament demonstrate the possibility and the advantages of subaqueous buildings. The first section leave behind define what subaqueous buildings be, and show the advantages and throwance of them. The second go out call d feature of the effect of submersed buildings on the environment. The third one will discuss the effect of subsurface buildings on social life and the means of rapeation. The fourth will discuss the materials used, ways of building and special requirements. The fifth will introduce the tasks which face the submerged buildings. The sixth will show the public exposure systems that are used. The seventh, will be examples of existing and upcoming submersed buildings that make the reader commensurate to visualize the idea well, and able to connect all the trigger offs of report together. Finally, the conclusion will support and recomme nd building and quick under weewee to decrease congestion and pollution on the surface of the existence.What are under pissing buildings? According to Dr. Khaled Abdelhady (Professor in architecture engineering, Shoubra University), submersed buildings are structures create under pee for different purposes each according to the compositors case of building constructed (personal communication, 2010). It all started in the 1960s by Jacques Cousteaus team in the form of submersed investi penetration invests (underwater habitat, 2006). Underwater buildings already exist, but have you ever musical theme about going to an underwater building?Underwater building is the coming(prenominal) foundation that has a great impact on the environment, we will be facing some problems small-arm applying this technology but if we succeed in achieving it, it will be advantageous to our environment as it gets populated. It is true what was create verbally in the Evolo magazine Approximately 71% of the Earths surface is ocean, even more(prenominal) if climate change has its way hence it is only natural feeler that we will populate the oceans someday. (Water-Scraper Underwater Architecture, 2010).1.1 Background on underwater building typesWhen Dr. Khaled Abdelhady was asked about the types of underwater buildings he talked about the following types1.1.1 Infra StructuresHe said that infra structures are footings of buildings make under the water to let the building itself above the water, for example the spans connecting cities like the golden gate bridge shown in prognosticate 1.1 when you croupe see the base of bridge vestd under the water (personal communication,2010).DSI_Seismic_Retrofit_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg phone number 1.1 Golden gate bridge (source www.google.com)1.1.2 Research centersSecond, Dr. Khaled talked about the research centers underwater. He said that there are two types of centers, first is an underwater livings research center which examine an d keep up creatures underwater, and second there are scientific centers which search for oil colour in the bottom of seas and oceans (personal communication, 2010)1.1.3 TunnelsAs for underwater tunnels Dr. Khaled Said they are passage ways constructed underwater. There is a type made for internet main(prenominal) cables to be divided all over the world, telephone lines, and others. Other type is made for cars to go through underwater channels but for short outgo rivers or water passages like tunnel Ahmed Hamdi at the Suez Canal in Egypt (personal communication, 2010).1.1.4 MuseumsAs for museums underwater, Dr. Khaled said there are 2 types, first one are museums made to see the underwater livings without having to go through the dangers of plunge and for very old adults to be able to see them too, second there are museums made to see the old sunken monuments, why underwater? So that you discount see them they exact way they were found in a beautiful creative way. And it has al ready been constructed like in Vasa Museum in Stockholm (personal communication, 2010).1.1.5 Hotels restaurants and frolicsAnother type that Dr. Khaled Abdelhady talked about was the entertainment types of buildings. There are hotels, spas, and restaurants built underwater so that people could have a pure a vacation, a massage or a meal plot of land watching the fishes and creatures underwater. There are also games made underwater like in Disney land pealing coaster as shown in physical body 1.2 when you rear see people acquiring into the water while on the roller coaster (personal communication, 2010).manta.jpg effigy 1.2 Disney land roller coaster (Source www.google.com)1.2 Advantage and acceptance of underwater buildingsUnderwater buildings have a lot of advantages to people in Egypt. It will refuse the crowded places above land. It will increase the technology usage to be able to build it. It will help improve tourism as people will come from all over the world for entert ainment under the red sea, and enjoyment of the astonishing numerous liberals of fishes and corals, and in akin time conserve the corals from being touched and hurt by people diving.After asking a large follow of people if they would accept going to an underwater city for entertainment, vacation or tourism, it was surprising that around people accepted the idea. This means that if the idea actually gets accomplished, it will be widely spread between people so quickly and it will be successful in Egypt. And as you can see in figure 1.3 the number of people accepting is about triple the number of people refusing.Figure 1.3 Chart shows the number of the acceptance and refusing people3. affable aspectsOvercrowding is considered the worlds problem, which is growing constantly and leads to many other problems. This serious dilemma prompted people to think about the colonization of the oceans, which led them to think about the underwater buildings. As we know, water covers 70% of the earths surface, while land spheres form a very small percentage. Taking a look at the earth from outer space, we will arrest that the blue color dominates, and this will go off a lot of questions about how to exploit these areas. From this point, people begin to study the possibility of building underwater and make use of such great surfaces.Lets find out if people will welcome the idea of living underwater in the future, or it will be a abortive confuse. Due to high cost, these underwater buildings will be limited to a certain level of people, and may be considered as a benignant of prosperity. However, if we take into account that the technology advances, so there will be a way to reduce the cost. But if carry through cities were built underwater, would people accept such change in their life. Some people cannot live without the sun and do not imagine themselves in a place somewhat isolated. Others want really to try this new life, and enjoy the stillness and the glorious vision. In conclusion, living underwater may become a reality if its benefits overcome its difficulties and problems.3.1 Means of transportationAfter searching for the thinkable means of transportation to live under water, it was found that there are two possibilities. First, as many people will think, submarines would serve as the main mean of transportation. For example, thinking about its cost and applicability, we will find that it is the suitable one. Lets move to the other possibility, at a larger scale, and talk about underwater tunnels. There are some existing underwater tunnels, which would be very effective to attain a certain underwater building or complete city in the future. For example, in Dubai, Hydropolis is an underwater hotel, but it is still under gimmick. As it is described in figure 3.1, the developers of this project explains It will include three elements the land localize, where guests will be welcomed, the connecting tunnel, which will transport people by train to the main area of the hotel, and the 220 suites within the submarine leisure complex.(Joachim Hauser, N.D.).CUserspcDesktopHydropolis dubai.jpgFigure 3.1 The land station of Hydropolis (Source Design build, ND.)4. Construction and structure aspects4.1 The material usedAlthough many materials exist for building, the one that meet the requirements with the lowest costs are to be chosen. At this level the cost will be minimized. . When choosing the materials to be used in the construction, it is important to ensure that the weight limit is not exceeded. (Carl T.F. Ross brandmark El-Hajj )The main material used for construction underwater was a special type of stain and acrylic. The acrylic material is used mainly for visibility, while the steel is used for reinforcements (supports). (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj )High strength steel is used as it is relatively cheap, and has its high yield strength. It is not also a good conductor of electricity and heat. It is a high corro sion resistance. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) acrylate resin material is used instead of glass It is better than glass due to being less dense, and it is also has higher impact strength than the glass. acrylic fiber gives the natural size and colors of the surrounding materials than glass. It is also good insulator of electricity which is good in seeking the health and respectablety of customers and underwater creatures. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj )4.2 ConstructionIt is known that the wages for underwater construction would be greater than on land construction, due to the difficulty faced during the functional underwater. Another problem would arise the building is large in size. For solving these problems, they divide the building into parts and building each part on land then assemble them under the water. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj, ..)4.3 MaintenanceThe charge wait on is a costly process especially when dealing with an underwater maintenance. The below figure sho ws us how this problem can be solved, by dividing the building into parts that can be separated from the whole building these parts can be transferred to land so that a cheaper maintenance can take place. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj )Figure 4.1 The maintenance process (Source Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj)The transparent part of the building should be always clean, so that the customers can see the marine clearly in all the time. This situation can be achieved by an automated system which uses a self make clean coating known as the smart material. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj )5 line which face underwater building5.1 CostBuilding under water is a very expensive process due to the machines, instruments and skilled workers. Building under water also contains some of welfare as figures (5.1, 5.2) exposit and it needs to huge budget.PoseidonFigure 5.1 Example of under waters welfare (Source blog.hotelclub.com/top-five-underwater-hotels/)Dreams, however fabulous, remain unfulfilled without the cash to support the commitment the hardest part of the process was finding sponsorship to the tune of 550m.Thats what brought me to Dubai. Still, it was a battle which took two-and-a-half years and be tougher than developing the project itself. No bank would pay such an amount. Its a risky investment, as there are no pilots. We had to convince investors that it is safe and will bring returns on investment. (Hauser, ND), so companies accept to co-operate with its rival to complete under water building project.5.2 The problem of ErosionErosionis the process ofweatheringand transport of solids (sediment,soil,rockand other particles) in the natural environment or their source and deposits them elsewhere. It usually occurs due totransportby wind, water, or meth so engineers should choose the appropriate materials for under water building.5.3 The location of petroleumFigure 5.2 shows that any accident may happen in the sea to the drilling machines and machinery for searchin g for oil or to any ship in the sea may harm the design of the building and it is out of control.CUsersHPDesktoppaste.jpgFigure 5.2 The accident of the drilling machine (Source http//Oc-Po/Petroleum-from-the Ocean.htmlhttp//www.waterencyclopedia.com http//www.waterencyclopedia.com http//www.waterencyclopedia.comunderwater-hotels/)5.4 The problem of heat of waterThe temperature of the water is highly variable over the surface of the water, it is heated from the surface down(prenominal) by sunlight, but at depth most of the water is very cold. (Martha R.Scott, ND)5.5 The problem of pressurePressure plays a big role in influencing the foundations of the building also workers face difficulties either during the construction process or during the maintenance process.6. Environmental building aspectsNo doubt that the first function that comes in our mind while talking about underwater buildings is the problem of ventilation. Ventilation is defined as a process of supplying new-made air to an enclosed space and removing from it air contaminated by odors, gases, or smoke . Therefore, there must be a source of renewable air that helps in breathing, and getting rid of undesirable gases, like coke dioxide and others. Lets explore a solution, for the ventilation problem, that was applied while building Holland tunnel, an underwater tunnel. Tunnels, specifically, have a great problem with ventilation, due to gases produced by trains and automobiles. This problem was addressed by Clifford Holland, the tunnels designer. His aim was to find ways to clear down fumes and pump in fresh air, achieving this by using ventilation towers, like the one illustrated in figure 5.1, and fans to move air in and out. Finally, air can be renewed every 90 seconds. (Howstuffworks, ND.)Figure 6.1 Inside a Holland Tunnel ventilation tower (Source Eric and Edith Matson, ND.)The ventilation systems that can be applied while building, can be divided into two methods natural ventilation and mec hanical ventilation. Natural ventilation depends on an dissipate window if the architecture permits, so it cannot be used in underwater buildings. Therefore, mechanical ventilation is applied to ventilate these buildings.The most important thing is the way to get oxygen needed for breathing. Breathing under water could happen in several ways such as hydrolyzing the sea water, reversing osmosis, or suctioning methods through air pumps. (Chamberland, ND.). Oxygen can be extracted from brine since people will live underwater, and it will be a practical method. Reverse osmosis is an effective method used in water manipulation and in the future it will be used to get oxygen, while living underwater. Suctioning oxygen, using air pumps, would help in both getting oxygen and providing good ventilation.7. Examples7.1 Dubai Underwater HotelIt is still under development. The hotel location will be 33 feet underwater. Its total cost is over $550 million. The land station will be connected w ith the underwater section with a 515 chiliad long tunnel through which an automatic train will transport people to the underwater hotel. It is 260 hectares area consisted of 220 suits bubble shaped 20 meters underwater.The hotel will also have several security measures. It has a series of stiff doors in case of any rapture. It will also have its own missile defensive system in case of any terrorist attack.7.2 subsurface RESORTS- Poseidon Mystery IslandThe idea was for the American engineer Bruce Jones. The Poseidon Resorts Mystery Island shown in figure 7.1 could be reached by elevator. It is a 1.1 million square foot , 40 feet under water. Room standard area is 550 square foot. (wayfaring,2007) .The budget of the project is $100 million.http//www.wayfaring.info/images/poseidon_mystery_island_5.jpgFigure 7.1 Poseidon Mystery Island (Source www.wayfaring.info)7.3 Ithaa underwater restaurantIt is the 1st of its kind in the world. It is 16 feet below the surface of Indian Ocean. It is encased in clear acrylic.The ithaa restaurant can be reached by a woody walkway shown in figure 6.2 from over the water. It was hard to build it on the beach of rangali due to technical challenge, limited resources and quality problems. (Wikipedia, 2010).It was constructed in Singapore. Its construction began in May 2004, and it was completed in October 2004 including installation of the acrylic arches, air conditioning and electric ducts. Its life span is 20 years.http//travel.spotcoolstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/under3.jpgFigure 7.2 Ithaa underwater restaurant (Source www. Wikipedia.com)7.4 Jules Undersea LodgeIt is the worlds first underwater hotel, originally built in the early 1970s. It was opened to the public in 1986. (hotelclub,2007).The entrance to the hotel is 21 feet underwater on the sea floor. The Lodge is fully stocked with loaded air.