Principles and Characteristics of Good Governance

Principles and Characteristics of Good GovernanceIntroductionIn general, broad(a) brass section is perceived as a normative principle of administrative law, which obliges the State to perform its functions in a manner that promotes the values of efficiency, no corruptibility, and responsiveness to civil society. It is at that placefore a principle that is nighly associated with statecraft. While the govern manpowert is not obliged to substantively deliver any everyday bang-ups, it must ensure that the processes for the identification and delivery of such undecomposeds atomic number 18 concrete in terms of i) being responsive to public demands ii) being transparent in the allocation of resources and iii) being equitable in the distribution of goods. The principle of good institution has likewise been espoused in the context of the internal operations of private sector organizations. In this way, corporate conclusiveness-making strategies integrate the principle of good ec esis and ensure that shareowner interests (i.e. public limited companies) and employees are taken into account.The legal meaning of the principle of good governanceThe concept of good governance as developed by the World Bank is essentially a touchstone upon which the prevailing administrative structure of a given country can be measured. Consequently, it provides ample state of the robustness of the structural suitability of donors as efficient vehicles of multilateral aid investment to developing countries. Good governance is therefore chiefly envisaged as a set of procedural tools to guarantee the efficacious improvement of the donor identified subject. Politically, however, the principle of good governance has not been very well received. For instance, governments may be reluctant to be held accountable to donor agencies, and they may sometimes display widespread hostility against such agencies (or other bodies) that is construed to be interfering in their (sovereign) domest ic affairs. The real or imagined fears have stemmed mainly from the fact that the term good governance has largely been identified with liberalism and laissez-faire policies common in most developed countries. Further, the usage of the term good derives primarily from subjective interpretations especially in the context of large multicultural and diverse economies that characterize the developing world.The characteristics of good governanceGood governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most indefensible in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.1. ParticipationParticipation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation coul d be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to head out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand.2. Rule of lawGood governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full shelter of human rights, particularly those of minorities. fair enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.3. TransparencyTransparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that culture is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be impact by such decisions and their enforcemen t. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media.4. ResponsivenessGood governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.5. Consensus orientedThere are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and semipermanent perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community.6. Equity and inclusivenessA societys well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society . This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being.7. Effectiveness and efficiencyGood governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.8. AccountabilityAccountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be en forced without transparency and the rule of law.How to achieve good governanceGood governance, to be effective and sustainable, must be anchored in a vigorous working democracy which respects the rule of law, a free press, energetic civil society organizations and effective and independent public bodies such as the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance, Prevention of Corruption Bureau and the Fair Trade Commission. The Commission is important in ensuring the promotion and protection of human rights, but also in ensuring both transparency and accountability on the part of the government. Good governance requires transparency and efficiency also in different government agencies.At the political level democratic practices, including transparency in policy making and administration, are important aspects of good governance. This is signified by a pluralistic political system that allows the existence of diversity in political and ideological opinions. No wonder that good gover nance is said to be more easily achieved and guaranteed in a multi-party system than in a mono-party system. It also means the holding of regular elections applying the principle of universal franchise. In fellowship to qualify as democratic, elections must be free and fair.Good governance deals with the nature and limits of state power. The precept of the separation of powers is therefore relevant in the fundamental law of whether or not a country has a political system that is responsive to good governance. The doctrine of the separation of powers is based on the acceptance that there are three main categories of government functions legislative, executive, and judicial. Corresponding to these are the three main organs of government in a state the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The doctrine insists that these three powers and functions of government in a free democracy must be kept separate and exercised by separate organs of the state.ConclusionFrom the supra di scussion it should be clear that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance in its totality. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality.ReferencesMacdonald, B. (1998), Good governance and Pacific island states, in Larmour, P. (Ed.), Governance and Reform in the South Pacific, National Centre for Development Studies Australian National University, Canberra, pp. 21-53.Woods, N. (1999) Good Governance in transnational Organizations, Global Governance 5, 39-61.Burnell, Peter. Good Government and Democratization A Sideways Look at Aid and Political Conditionality, Democratization, vol.1, no.3, pp.485-503.